I remember when I saw the movie Dead Man Walking together with my son Chaim, one of my three brilliant children. He was about twelve years old at the time I guess. Sean Penn and Susan Sarandon were also brilliant in this gut-wrenching movie about a brutal murder, as seen from the persepctive of all the parties involved, including the murderer who is cinematically transformed from a loathesome cockroach to a pathetic figure. On the way out of the movie, Chaim told me it had transformed his opinion about capital punishment.
This week's Torah reading touches the edge of this subject. If you’re a person who draws no distinction between murder, manslaughter and execution, you should probably not waste your time here. But if you do draw a distinction, it will pay you to stay around because this little lesson from this week’s Torah reading also has everything to do the distinctions between theses three and also with with why the death of Yeshua of Nazareth is the most significant death of all.
Cities of Refuge - This week's reading, and three other places in the Torah, names six cities in early Israel as cities of refuge: Golan, Ramoth, and Bosor, on the east of the Jordan River, and Kedesh, Shechem, and Hebron on the western side. These were locations in the Kingdom of Israel and Kingdom of Judah to which people who had killed other persons would flee and claim the right of asylum until such a time as they could come to trial. But why did they need to flee to one of these cities for safety. Couldn’t they just await their trial at home?
No, not really. These cities were crucial because only in these cities would those accused of murder be legally untouchable, and more to the point, physically safe. Outside of these cities, these perpetrators would be killed by someone called “the Avenger of Blood.” Relatives of the deceased including the Avenger of Blood had a human desire to "even the score." In addition, Jewish ethics viewed the spilling of innocent blood as contaminating the Holy Land, bringing the wellbeing of the community under threat of Divine judgment. So bringing the guilty to justice was a big deal, and the death of the perpetrator for the murder of the innocent was viewed as expiatory. Understandably, family members were most impassioned about this for the most personal of reasons.
The Avenger of Blood - This was a designated relative of tthe person who had been killed. He was responsible to take the life of the killer under two conditions: if he found that person outside one of those cities of refuge, or, if the court convicted the killer of premeditated murder. In this case, the court itself would then turn the killer over to the Avenger of Blood for execution.
Manslaughter (The term in the text for those who commit manslaughter is "the manslayer). - This term applies when someone kills someone inadvertently, there being no history of bad blood between himself and the deceased party. This inadvertence is both a matter of motive—he had no history of animosity against the deceased—and means—the object that killed the person seemed harmless enough OR the object killed the person by accident, such as a heavy stone accidentally falling on someone’s head, or an axe flying off its handle when being used, and thereby killing a spectator.
Jewish halachic discussion goes to great lengths to draw the appropriate distinctions about all the definitiions being discussed in this study. The discussions are worth reading as they point out how ethically cautious is Jewish religious culture.
Murder - There were a variety of qualifications for something to be termed a murder. First, the accused must be someone with a history of animosity toward the deceased. Second, the implement used in the killing had to be something which shoould have been regarded as a lethal weapon or use of lethal means, such as strangling. Third, the killing had to be with premeditation.
Execution – The legally sanctioned taking of the life of a person convicted by a court of murder. The executioner was to be a member of the family of the murdered person, the Avenger of Blood.
It is wise to ask if people found guilty of manslaughter had to spend the rest of their lives in these Cities of Refuge, away from their families, from their land inheritance, from the context in which they grew up? In a sense, while in the Cities of Refuge, they were under house arrest, but not even in their own house. So did they have to stay there all their lives? Not necessarily. In other words, it depends. But depends upon what?
Manslayers only had to stay in the City of Refuge until the death of the High Priest who was in office at the time. As soon as he died, they were free to go home! This is a huge marker in Torah for the fact that there is in Jewish through a precedent for vicarious atonement--someone's death being in place of another's. Because the High Priest died, the manslayers were freed from the fear of death at the hands of an Avenger of Blood! They were free to go home, to go back to family, friends, land, context, and they were considered exonerated.
It should go without saying that this is huge for Messianic Jews. It provides an avenue of response to those who categorically discount the idea that we find forgiveness through the death of another. Such objectors need to remember what classical Jewish sources say on the matter: “It is not the exile of the manslayer that expiates but the death of the High Priest.” (M. Makkot 2:6; b. Makkot 11b; see also Leviticus Rabbah 10:6).
Rabbi Jacob Milgrom, of blessed memory, one of our century’s greatest Old Testament textual scholar wrote: “As the High Priest atones for Israel’s sins through his ritual service in his lifetime, so he atones for homicide through his death.” This is found in his rightly esteemed commentary on the Book of Numbers, page 371.
Of course we recognize in this a startling foreshadowing of what the Messiah, our great High Priest did for us. Through his death we go free. There is no condemnation for those joined to Messiah Yeshua. This is good news!
You were bought at a price; therefore glorify God in your body and in your spirit, which are God’s (1 Cor 6:20).
You were bought at a price; do not become slaves of men (1 Cor 7:23).
Yes, like the old song says, "Yeshua paid it all." But isn’t it time you gave him what he paid for? You are not your own, you were bought with a price, the biggest price of all. We should all live every moment of our lives with that in mind.
And that will be VERY good news for everyone.
Thank you for the detailed information regarding the Cities of Refuge...we would do well to continue making the distinctions and yes, this is huge for Messianic Jews. I appreciate this statement: "It should go without saying that this is huge for Messianic Jews. It provides an avenue of response to those who categorically discount the idea that we find forgiveness through the death of another. Such objectors need to remember what classical Jewish sources say on the matter: “It is not the exile of the manslayer that expiates but the death of the High Priest.” (M. Makkot 2:6; b. Makkot 11b; see also Leviticus Rabbah 10:6)."
Many blessings.........pat
And blessings to you as well, Pat.
Thank you for reading the post and for your comment. It is something of a straighforward Bible lesson, actually a sermon I will be giving at a nearby congregation this shabbat. Something most should already know but many do not. So I performed my little service for the day 🙂
Great observation/application Rabbi. As a follow up, could it be said that today, we are essentially living in a city of refuge, protected from the Avenger, held secure by the High Priest that has already moved beyond death back to life thus ensuring our position - so long as we remain within the city of course. The reality of "no condemnation" therefore only applies if we remain in the City of refuge, under the covering of the High Priest, Yeshua.
Thank you for taking things further, Michael. Indeed, this passage and the other three that speak of the Cities of Refuge is fascinating to contemplate and challenges us to think more deeply of what Messiah has done for us, and what the consequences ought to be in our lives.
Thank you Rav, great post as usual. Could you please help me understand how one can glorify G-d in her body? Thank you for all your teachings sir
The body is the vehicle through which a person expresses him or herself, living out his or her values, and either honors HaShem or fails to do so. In other words, glorifying God with our bodies is a way of saying, "honor G-d by how you live." Paul/Sha'ul speaks to this same issue in his letter to the Romans when he says, in chapter 12, "I appeal to you . . . by the mercies of God (that is, in view of what God has done for us in Messiah), to presents your bodies as a living sacrifice, holy and acceptable to God, which is your spiritual worship. Do now be conformed to this world/age but be transformed by the renewal of your mind (adopting an entirely new perpspective suitable to the Age to Come and grounded in God's revelation culminating in Mashiach), that by testing you may discern what is the will of God (in experience, we must weigh things and learn by experience how to discern good from evil). what is good, and acceptable and perfect."
Enjoyed reading your post on the parsha. It was good food for the soul--biblical, historical, and it spiritually related to our personal walk with G-d. Shabbat Shalom
Thank you, and Shabbat Shalom to you as well.
Great article! It is amazing how things like this happen: This morning I listened to someone teach from the Book of Joel and how he relates it to end times. He talked about “cities of refuge” (future tense) and what they might look like. I understood him to mean these would be places of protection during the time of "great tribulation."
I thought to myself, “I’m going to have to look up cities of refuge in Scripture.” It sounded to me like was taking something from ancient Israel and projecting it into his eschatology, which ends up with a misled view.
Then I found your blog from a reference in a Morning Meditations blog article. The name and picture attracted me to look at this article, and lo, and behold, there you teach about the cities of refuge! They were what I thought they were, and I learned more in the process of reading your article. Thank you!